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181 records

The Aral Sea Is Not Simply Gone

The Aral Sea Is Not Simply Gone Misleading. The Aral Sea suffered one of the world's major environmental disasters, but its northern part in Kazakhstan has partially recovered through water-management projects while the wider basin remains severely damaged. Environment Water Geography Climate

C1

The Aral Sea crisis remains a major environmental problem caused primarily by human alteration of river flows and water use.

C2

Restoration efforts have improved conditions in the Northern Aral Sea and on parts of the dried seabed, but they have not restored the entire historical sea.

C3

The most accurate description combines ecological disaster, partial recovery and continuing regional water risk.

Reviving the Aral Seabed: Millions of Seedlings for a Sustainable Future

Reviving the Aral Seabed: Millions of Seedlings for a Sustainable Future World Bank

Water Balance of the Regulated Arid Lake as an Indicator of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impact: The North (Small) Aral Sea Case Study

Water Balance of the Regulated Arid Lake as an Indicator of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impact: The North (Small) Aral Sea Case Study Water (MDPI)

Oases of Hope: How micro-nurseries help restore the Aral Sea

Oases of Hope: How micro-nurseries help restore the Aral Sea UNDP Kazakhstan

Ecology in the minds of people in Kazakhstan

Ecology in the minds of people in Kazakhstan UNDP Kazakhstan

Baikonur Is Kazakhstan's Spaceport, Not a Russian City

Baikonur Is Kazakhstan's Spaceport, Not a Russian City Misleading. The Baikonur complex is located in Kazakhstan and is leased by Russia under a bilateral agreement. Its Soviet history and present-day Russian operations do not erase its Kazakhstani location and legal context. Space Statehood History Geography

C1

The Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan's Kyzylorda Region and the complex covers approximately 6,717 square kilometres.

C2

After the Soviet Union dissolved, the Baikonur complex passed to Kazakhstan and is leased by Russia under a bilateral agreement through 2050.

C3

Russian operation and Soviet history explain why Baikonur is often described through Russia, but they do not make the site geographically part of Russia.

Baikonur launch services

Baikonur launch services National Space Center of Kazakhstan

Baikonur Cosmodrome

Baikonur Cosmodrome NASA

Soyuz TMA-05M at Baikonur

Soyuz TMA-05M at Baikonur Wikimedia Commons / NASA

Baikonur as the property of Kazakhstan: lease, governance and geopolitical status

Baikonur as the property of Kazakhstan: lease, governance and geopolitical status Central Asian Survey

Borat Is Fiction, Not Kazakhstan

Borat Is Fiction, Not Kazakhstan False. Borat is a fictional British comedy character, and the country shown around him is not a factual portrait of Kazakhstan. The films use Kazakhstan as a satirical frame, while reactions among Kazakhstanis have never been uniform. Media Culture Stereotypes

C1

Borat Sagdiyev is a fictional comedy character played by British comedian Sacha Baron Cohen, not a real Kazakh journalist or documentary subject.

C2

Academic analysis and reporting describe ‘Borat's Kazakhstan’ as a constructed setting with little meaningful cultural connection to the real Central Asian country.

C3

The 2006 film's village footage presented as Kazakhstan was filmed in Glod, Romania.

C4

The films use the fictional Kazakh frame primarily to conduct satire and staged encounters about American society, while attaching the invented homeland to a real country's name.

C5

Kazakhstani officials strongly criticized the character around 2005–2006 and the first film did not receive normal theatrical distribution in Kazakhstan.

C6

In 2020, Kazakhstan's national tourism organization deliberately adopted Borat's ‘Very nice!’ catchphrase in an official promotional campaign.

C7

Reported reactions among Kazakhstanis include offense, indifference, criticism of the outrage itself and pragmatic use of the publicity; these reports do not support one unanimous national view.

C8

The real Republic of Kazakhstan has been independent since 1991; Kazakh is the state language, while Russian has an officially defined role in public institutions.

Borat

Borat IMDb

Borat

Borat Encyclopaedia Britannica

Hyperrealizing ‘Borat’ with the Map of the European ‘Other’

Hyperrealizing ‘Borat’ with the Map of the European ‘Other’ Slavic Review / Cambridge University Press

Buying into Brand Borat: Kazakhstan's Cautious Embrace of Its Unwanted ‘Son’

Buying into Brand Borat: Kazakhstan's Cautious Embrace of Its Unwanted ‘Son’ Slavic Review / Cambridge University Press

Romanian extras outraged over Borat ridicule

Romanian extras outraged over Borat ridicule The Guardian

New Borat Film Offends, But Will More Kazakhs Get the Joke This Time?

New Borat Film Offends, But Will More Kazakhs Get the Joke This Time? Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Kazakhstan fights back ahead of Borat film release

Kazakhstan fights back ahead of Borat film release The Guardian

‘Very Nice!’ — Kazakh Tourism official new slogan

‘Very Nice!’ — Kazakh Tourism official new slogan Kazakhstan Travel

Results achieved in the digitalisation of tourism

Results achieved in the digitalisation of tourism Government of Kazakhstan

What Do Kazakhs Think of Borat?

What Do Kazakhs Think of Borat? The Diplomat

About Kazakhstan

About Kazakhstan Government of Kazakhstan

The Republic of Kazakhstan

The Republic of Kazakhstan Office of the President of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan's Capital Is Astana, Not Almaty

Kazakhstan's Capital Is Astana, Not Almaty Outdated. Almaty was the capital of Soviet Kazakhstan and remained Kazakhstan's capital until 1997, when the government moved to a new city built on the northern steppe. That city has since been called Akmola, Astana, Nur-Sultan and then Astana again. Geography History Cities Statehood

C1

Kazakhstan's capital is Astana, a city in the north of the country; Almaty is the largest city but is not the capital.

C2

The capital was moved from Almaty to a new northern city in 1997 as a deliberate post-independence policy.

C3

The capital city has carried four official names: Tselinograd (Soviet era), Akmola (1992–1998), Astana (1998–2019), Nur-Sultan (2019–2022), and Astana again from 2022.

C4

Almaty remains Kazakhstan's largest city and its primary commercial, financial and cultural centre despite not being the capital.

The Republic of Kazakhstan

The Republic of Kazakhstan Office of the President of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan CIA World Factbook

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan Encyclopaedia Britannica

Kazakhstan country overview

Kazakhstan country overview World Bank

Kazakhstan's Economy Is Not Only Oil

Kazakhstan's Economy Is Not Only Oil Misleading. Hydrocarbons are Kazakhstan's largest export sector and a major state-revenue source, but the economy also includes substantial mining, agriculture, manufacturing, banking, telecommunications and transport sectors. The World Bank classifies Kazakhstan as an upper-middle income country. Economy Industry Cities

C1

The World Bank classifies Kazakhstan as an upper-middle income economy, with a per-capita GNI among the highest in Central Asia.

C2

Hydrocarbons account for a large share of Kazakhstan's export revenues and government receipts, making the economy meaningfully dependent on oil and gas prices.

C3

Kazakhstan produces a wide range of commodities beyond oil and gas: it is the world's largest uranium producer, and a significant exporter of copper, zinc, ferroalloys, chromite and grain.

C4

Kazakhstan's GDP composition includes manufacturing, agriculture, construction, trade, transport and financial services alongside the extractive sector.

C5

Kazakhstan's government has implemented successive economic diversification programmes intended to develop non-oil sectors, including manufacturing, agriculture and digital services, with results that independent analysts describe as partial.

C6

Major cities including Almaty and Astana have significant financial, retail, tech and services sectors that are not directly tied to oil and gas extraction.

C7

Kazakhstan is investing in rail connectivity along the Middle Corridor, including a 2026 World Bank guarantee intended to mobilise commercial financing for the country's section of the Asia–Europe route.

Kazakhstan country overview

Kazakhstan country overview World Bank

Kazakhstan: 2024 Article IV Consultation

Kazakhstan: 2024 Article IV Consultation International Monetary Fund

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan CIA World Factbook

Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National Statistics of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan — OECD Economic Surveys

Kazakhstan — OECD Economic Surveys Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Uranium production by country

Uranium production by country World Nuclear Association

The Republic of Kazakhstan

The Republic of Kazakhstan Office of the President of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan Encyclopaedia Britannica

World Bank Support to Enhance Rail Connectivity and Logistics in Kazakhstan

World Bank Support to Enhance Rail Connectivity and Logistics in Kazakhstan World Bank

Kazakhstan Is a Multiethnic Country

Kazakhstan Is a Multiethnic Country False. Ethnic Kazakhs make up roughly 70 percent of the population, but Kazakhstan officially records more than 130 nationalities and ethnic groups — among them Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Uyghurs, Germans, Tatars, Koreans, Azerbaijanis and many others. Culture Society History

C1

Kazakhstan's Bureau of National Statistics records more than 130 nationalities and ethnic groups residing in the country.

C2

Ethnic Kazakhs constitute approximately 70 percent of the population; Russians make up roughly 15 to 17 percent, with Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Uyghurs, Germans, Tatars, Koreans, Azerbaijanis and others comprising the remaining share.

C3

The current ethnic composition reflects Soviet-era policies including forced deportations of Koreans (1937), Chechens, Ingush, Germans, Poles and other peoples to Kazakhstan, as well as industrial migration and Kazakh diaspora return after 1991.

C4

Kazakhstan has a constitutional advisory body — the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan — with dedicated representation for ethnic minorities in parliament and a mandate to facilitate inter-ethnic dialogue.

C5

International organisations including the OSCE have engaged with Kazakhstan specifically on ethnic and language policy questions, reflecting the country's genuine diversity and the complexity of language-policy decisions.

Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National Statistics of Kazakhstan

The Republic of Kazakhstan

The Republic of Kazakhstan Office of the President of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan CIA World Factbook

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan Encyclopaedia Britannica

Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan

Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan Office of the President of Kazakhstan

Ethnic and Language Policies in Kazakhstan

Ethnic and Language Policies in Kazakhstan Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Kazakhstan country overview

Kazakhstan country overview World Bank

The Operation of Deportation of the Chechen and Ingush Peoples and Its Consequences

The Operation of Deportation of the Chechen and Ingush Peoples and Its Consequences Memorial Human Rights Centre

The Viral Giant Door in Kazakhstan Is Not Archaeological Proof

The Viral Giant Door in Kazakhstan Is Not Archaeological Proof Disputed. A viral 2025 video presented a supposed giant doorway in Kazakhstan's Dzungarian Alatau as evidence of giants or Gog and Magog. The meme spread widely, but virality is not archaeological verification and the available record does not establish the video's claim. Internet Misinformation Mountains Media literacy

C1

A video claiming to show a giant doorway in Kazakhstan circulated widely on social platforms during 2025.

C2

The available viral-meme record does not establish that the image is an authenticated archaeological structure or evidence of Gog and Magog.

C3

Real mountains and heritage sites in Kazakhstan can be used as visual context for a meme without validating the story attached to it.

Giant Door In Kazakhstan Mountains / Yajuj and Majuj Location

Giant Door In Kazakhstan Mountains / Yajuj and Majuj Location Know Your Meme

Transforming national folklore in digital space: A case study of Internet memes in modern Kazakhstan

Transforming national folklore in digital space: A case study of Internet memes in modern Kazakhstan Research Journal in Advanced Humanities

Dzungarian Alatau protected areas and natural heritage

Dzungarian Alatau protected areas and natural heritage UNESCO

Kazakhstan Is Not Defined by Horse Meat and Kumys

Kazakhstan Is Not Defined by Horse Meat and Kumys Misleading. Horse meat, kazy and kumys are important parts of Kazakh culinary heritage, but a traditional food is not a complete description of what every person eats or drinks in contemporary Kazakhstan. Food Culture Heritage Identity

C1

Horse meat, kazy and kumys are recognised parts of Kazakh culinary and horse-breeding heritage.

C2

Kazakh food traditions also include beef, lamb, fermented dairy, flour products and regional dishes shaped by urban and Central Asian exchange.

C3

Reducing contemporary Kazakhstan to one food or drink turns a genuine cultural tradition into an ethnic stereotype.

Culture of Kazakhstan

Culture of Kazakhstan Government of Kazakhstan

Traditional spring festive rites of the Kazakh horse breeders

Traditional spring festive rites of the Kazakh horse breeders UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage

Kazakhstan: Where Horses are Revered and Eaten

Kazakhstan: Where Horses are Revered and Eaten National Geographic

Kazakhstan Is Not Simply an Offline or Fully Closed Country

Kazakhstan Is Not Simply an Offline or Fully Closed Country Misleading. Kazakhstan has a large connected online public sphere and independent digital projects, but authorities also block sites, restrict journalists and prosecute or pressure people over online expression. The accurate picture is connected and constrained. Internet Media Politics Civil society

C1

Kazakhstan has an active online public sphere that includes independent media and digital civic projects.

C2

Independent monitors report website blocking, internet restrictions and pressure on journalists and online critics.

C3

The most accurate description is a connected but constrained information environment rather than either total openness or total closure.

Kazakhstan: Freedom on the Net 2025

Kazakhstan: Freedom on the Net 2025 Freedom House

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan Reporters Without Borders

Kazakhstan: Journalism, Free Expression in Further Peril

Kazakhstan: Journalism, Free Expression in Further Peril Amnesty International

Kazakh and Russian Are Different Languages

Kazakh and Russian Are Different Languages False. Kazakh is a Kipchak Turkic language, while Russian belongs to the Indo-European language family. Both are widely used in Kazakhstan, but shared public space and script history do not make them the same language. Language Culture

C1

Kazakh is a Kipchak Turkic language, while Russian is classified within the Indo-European language family.

C2

Kazakh is the state language of Kazakhstan, while Russian has an officially defined role in public institutions.

C3

The use of Cyrillic for both languages in Kazakhstan does not make them one language; linguistic classifications place them in different families.

Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan Adilet Legal Information System

Kazakh

Kazakh Journal of the International Phonetic Association / Cambridge University Press

Kazakh language classification

Kazakh language classification Glottolog

Russian language classification

Russian language classification Glottolog

The Republic of Kazakhstan

The Republic of Kazakhstan Office of the President of Kazakhstan

Language policy management in the former Soviet sphere

Language policy management in the former Soviet sphere Cambridge University Press

Kazakhstan's Memes Are Not a Single National Personality

Kazakhstan's Memes Are Not a Single National Personality Misleading. Kazakhstan's online memes draw on local languages, folklore, global formats and everyday politics. They are a living digital culture, not a survey of every citizen or a shortcut to national character. Internet Memes Language Culture

C1

A 2025 study analysed 236 Internet memes featuring Kazakh cultural elements from Instagram, TikTok and Telegram.

C2

The study describes Kazakhstan's digital folklore as a mixture of local cultural material and global meme formats.

C3

Memes are produced by particular online communities and cannot by themselves establish how an entire population thinks or behaves.

Transforming national folklore in digital space: A case study of Internet memes in modern Kazakhstan

Transforming national folklore in digital space: A case study of Internet memes in modern Kazakhstan Research Journal in Advanced Humanities

What Creative Industries May Bring

What Creative Industries May Bring The Astana Times

Media and Information Literacy in Kazakhstan

Media and Information Literacy in Kazakhstan UNESCO / MediaNet International Center for Journalism

Landlocked Does Not Mean Isolated

Landlocked Does Not Mean Isolated Misleading. Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country, but it borders the Caspian Sea and sits at the intersection of major rail, road, energy and trade routes linking China, Russia, Central Asia and Europe. Geography Trade Transport Caspian Sea

C1

Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country and also borders the Caspian Sea.

C2

Rail, road, port and logistics projects connect Kazakhstan to regional and intercontinental trade networks.

C3

Being landlocked creates cost and coordination challenges, but it does not make Kazakhstan geographically or economically isolated.

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan World Bank

Understanding foreign policy strategies of Kazakhstan: a case study of the landlocked and transcontinental country

Understanding foreign policy strategies of Kazakhstan: a case study of the landlocked and transcontinental country Cambridge Review of International Affairs

World Bank support to enhance rail connectivity and logistics in Kazakhstan

World Bank support to enhance rail connectivity and logistics in Kazakhstan World Bank

Middle Corridor through Kazakhstan

Middle Corridor through Kazakhstan European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Civilian Nuclear Power Is Not the Same as Nuclear Weapons

Civilian Nuclear Power Is Not the Same as Nuclear Weapons Misleading. Kazakhstan's plan for civilian nuclear power is connected to energy supply and infrastructure, while its nuclear-weapons history concerns the Soviet test site and the arsenal it inherited and gave up. The two issues are politically linked but technically different. Nuclear energy Security History Environment

C1

Kazakhstan held a referendum in 2024 on whether to build its first nuclear power plant.

C2

Civilian nuclear power and nuclear weapons involve different purposes, systems, safeguards and legal frameworks.

C3

Kazakhstan's history of Soviet nuclear testing and disarmament makes civilian nuclear policy politically and emotionally sensitive.

Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan

Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan World Nuclear Association

Kazakhstan faces up to the legacy of Soviet weapons testing in a vote on nuclear power

Kazakhstan faces up to the legacy of Soviet weapons testing in a vote on nuclear power Associated Press

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs

Kazakhstan Does Not Still Possess Nuclear Weapons

Kazakhstan Does Not Still Possess Nuclear Weapons Historically accurate but now false. Kazakhstan inherited the fourth-largest nuclear arsenal on earth when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. It then voluntarily transferred or dismantled all of those weapons by 1995 — and hosted one of the most destructive Soviet nuclear test sites, which affected hundreds of thousands of people. History Statehood Society

C1

On independence in 1991, Kazakhstan inherited approximately 1,400 nuclear warheads, making it the fourth-largest nuclear arsenal in the world at that time.

C2

Kazakhstan transferred all nuclear weapons to Russia and acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear weapons state, completing the process in 1995.

C3

The Semipalatinsk Test Site in north-east Kazakhstan was the Soviet Union's primary nuclear test ground, where 456 nuclear tests were conducted between 1949 and 1989.

C4

An estimated 1.5 million people in the Semipalatinsk region were exposed to ionising radiation from nuclear tests, with documented increased rates of cancer, thyroid disease and genetic abnormalities across affected populations.

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons — Kazakhstan

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons — Kazakhstan United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs

Kazakhstan — Nuclear Chronology

Kazakhstan — Nuclear Chronology Nuclear Threat Initiative

Semipalatinsk Test Site

Semipalatinsk Test Site Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization

Health consequences of the Semipalatinsk nuclear testing on the population of Kazakhstan

Health consequences of the Semipalatinsk nuclear testing on the population of Kazakhstan Journal of Radiation Research / Oxford Academic

Lisbon Protocol to the START Treaty

Lisbon Protocol to the START Treaty United States Department of State Archive

Global trends in research on Semipalatinsk nuclear testing health effects: A bibliometric analysis and short review

Global trends in research on Semipalatinsk nuclear testing health effects: A bibliometric analysis and short review Journal of Environmental Radioactivity / Elsevier

Nested case-control study of leukemia among a cohort exposed to nuclear weapon tests in Kazakhstan

Nested case-control study of leukemia among a cohort exposed to nuclear weapon tests in Kazakhstan Annals of Epidemiology / Elsevier

Kazakhstan Is More Than Steppe and Desert

Kazakhstan Is More Than Steppe and Desert False. Steppe, desert and semi-desert cover large areas, but Kazakhstan also contains major mountain systems, lakes, wetlands, rivers, forests and densely built cities. Geography Nature

C1

Kazakhstan is a very large country whose landscapes include desert, semi-desert, steppe, forests, lakes, rivers and mountain regions.

C2

Kazakhstan contains internationally recognized steppe-and-lake ecosystems and parts of the Western Tien-Shan mountain system.

C3

Describing Kazakhstan as only flat steppe or desert erases major geographic differences across its large territory.

About Kazakhstan

About Kazakhstan Government of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan country overview

Kazakhstan country overview World Bank

Saryarka – Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan

Saryarka – Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan UNESCO World Heritage Centre

Western Tien-Shan

Western Tien-Shan UNESCO World Heritage Centre

Kazakhstan Is Not Part of Russia

Kazakhstan Is Not Part of Russia False. Kazakhstan is a sovereign United Nations member state with its own constitution, territory and institutions. A long border, Soviet history and close ties with Russia do not make it part of Russia. Geography History Statehood

C1

Kazakhstan is a sovereign state with its own constitutional order and is listed as a United Nations member state.

C2

Kazakhstan became independent in 1991 and subsequently joined the United Nations as a separate state.

C3

Kazakhstan shares a long border and significant economic links with Russia, but international and national sources describe it as a separate country.

Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan Adilet Legal Information System

Member States

Member States United Nations

The Republic of Kazakhstan

The Republic of Kazakhstan Office of the President of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan country overview

Kazakhstan country overview World Bank

Kazakhstan Is Muslim-Majority and Constitutionally Secular

Kazakhstan Is Muslim-Majority and Constitutionally Secular Misleading. Islam is important to Kazakhstan's history and population, but the constitution defines the state as secular and protects freedom of religion. Neither an Islamic-state label nor a claim that religion is absent describes the country well. Religion Society Identity Constitution

C1

Kazakhstan's constitution describes the republic as a democratic, secular, legal and social state.

C2

Islam is the majority religious tradition in Kazakhstan, while other religious communities also live and worship in the country.

C3

A secular legal system does not mean that religious identity, history or practice is absent from society.

Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan Government of Kazakhstan

2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kazakhstan

2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kazakhstan U.S. Department of State

Kazakhstan: Religious Freedom Conditions

Kazakhstan: Religious Freedom Conditions United States Commission on International Religious Freedom

Kazakhstan Was a Major Part of the Silk Roads

Kazakhstan Was a Major Part of the Silk Roads False. UNESCO’s transnational Chang’an–Tianshan corridor includes sites in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan’s valleys, settlements and trading routes were part of the connected network rather than an empty gap between China and Europe. History Culture Geography Silk Roads

C1

The UNESCO Chang'an–Tianshan corridor passes through the territory of modern Kazakhstan and includes recognised heritage components there.

C2

The corridor connected valleys and settlements in the Zhetysu region with wider networks linking Central and East Asia.

C3

Calling the Silk Roads a single route that bypassed Kazakhstan confuses a distributed network with one modern-style road.

Silk Roads: Routes Network of the Chang'an–Tianshan Corridor

Silk Roads: Routes Network of the Chang'an–Tianshan Corridor UNESCO World Heritage Centre

Silk Roads heritage corridors in Central Asia

Silk Roads heritage corridors in Central Asia UNESCO

Akyrtas archaeological site

Akyrtas archaeological site Wikimedia Commons

Conserving Sites on the Central Asian Silk Roads: The Case of Otrar Tobe, Kazakhstan

Conserving Sites on the Central Asian Silk Roads: The Case of Otrar Tobe, Kazakhstan Journal of Field Archaeology / Taylor & Francis

Most Kazakhstanis Do Not Live in Yurts

Most Kazakhstanis Do Not Live in Yurts False. The yurt is important living heritage and remains culturally meaningful, but Kazakhstan is a predominantly urban country and most residents live in permanent modern housing. Culture Everyday life Cities

C1

The yurt is recognized as traditional cultural heritage and remains an important symbol for practising communities.

C2

A majority of Kazakhstan's population lives in urban areas rather than in nomadic dwellings.

C3

Treating the yurt as the normal home of most Kazakhstanis confuses a significant cultural form with the country's dominant present-day housing pattern.

Traditional knowledge and skills in making Kyrgyz, Kazakh and Karakalpak yurts

Traditional knowledge and skills in making Kyrgyz, Kazakh and Karakalpak yurts UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage

Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan — urban and rural population, 1 January 2026

Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan — urban and rural population, 1 January 2026 Bureau of National Statistics of Kazakhstan

Urban population (% of total population) — Kazakhstan

Urban population (% of total population) — Kazakhstan World Bank Data

About Kazakhstan

About Kazakhstan Government of Kazakhstan